 |
 |
|
||
|
|
|
Press Accounts of the 55th Pugwash Conference Announcement: Prof. Galia Golan-Gild of Israel joins Pugwash Council Press Accounts:
[TOP] M S Swaminathan On August 6, 1945, the most dreadful among the weapons of mass destruction - the atom bomb - was dropped in the civilian area of Hiroshima. Three days later, another atom bomb was dropped in Nagasaki. In 1955, Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein issued their famous manifesto seeking the abolition of nuclear weapons and appealing to all inhabitants of Planet earth, "Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way is open to a new paradise; if you cannot, there has before you the risk of universal death". In 1957, the Russell - Einstein Manifesto led to the birth of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, an organization devoted to the causes of ending the nuclear peril and reminding scientists of their ethical responsibility for the consequences of their discoveries, particularly in the area of nuclear threat to human survival. The Pugwash conference held in 1995 at Hiroshima on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the advent of atomic weapons, concluded, "the end of the cold war, and the beginning of deep reduction in the huge nuclear arsenals that the war spawned, have provided an unprecedented opportunity for the abolition of nuclear weapons as well as the abolition of war". Meeting again in Hiroshima in July 2005, the Pugwash Council observed, "The decade since 1995, when Pugwash last met in Hiroshima, has been one of missed opportunities and a marked deterioration in global security, not least regarding the nuclear threat. In that time, additional States have acquired nuclear weapons, there has been little tangible progress in nuclear disarmament, new nuclear weapons are being proposed, and military doctrines are being revised that place a greater reliance on the potential use of such weapons". The prospects for nuclear terrorism and adventurism have now become real. The voice of sanity of the survivors of the 1945 nuclear annihilation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is yet to be heard. This is unfortunate since they only know what hell on earth means. Members of the Pugwash Council, meeting just steps away from Hiroshima's ground zero, have hence appealed to fellow scientists and citizens to confront the threat of nuclear weapon use that could materialize at any time, without warning, in any part of the world. To political and government leaders, our message is simple, but stark; as long as nuclear weapons exist, they will one day be used. The Seventh Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), held in the spring of 2005 in New York, ended in a deadlock. The five original nuclear-weapons states (US, Russia, UK, France and China) showed themselves unwilling to take decisive action to implement their obligations under Article VI of the NPT to move decisively toward the irreversible elimination of their nuclear arsenals. All states must share the blame for missing a solid opportunity at the Review Conference to resolve problems such as equitable access to civilian nuclear technologies, as allowed under Article IV, while at the same time tightening protections to ensure that such materials are not diverted to military use. The broad framework of nuclear weapons disarmament is in danger of collapsing. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) has not entered into force, the US and Russia need to accelerate and enlarge the reductions called for by the Moscow Treaty, and negotiations have yet to begin on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) to eliminate production of weapons-grade Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and plutonium. Far more needs to be done to control and dispose of existing stockpiles of HEU that run the risk of falling into the hands of terrorist groups. Large numbers of tactical nuclear weapons continue to be deployed in Europe and elsewhere, having no military rationale whatsoever, while pressures mount from certain quarters for developing and deploying space weapons. Next month, a UN Summit will be held at New York to review the progress made in achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals in the areas of food, water, health, education and clean environment for all. The explosive progress in science and technology witnessed in recent decades has provided uncommon opportunities for realizing these goals. Yet, most developing countries, including India, are falling behind the targets set. The extensive co-existence of unacceptable poverty and unsustainable lifestyles is not conducive to the creation of a climate for peace and harmony. What we urgently need is a shift in emphasis among militarily and economically powerful countries from military to moral leadership. At the same time, Einstein's advice to fellow scientists, "concern for Man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavours in order that the creation of our minds shall be a blessing and not a curse", should be the guiding motto in scientific laboratories everywhere in the world. It will be useful to recall the role Jawaharlal Nehru played in mobilizing scientific opinion against nuclear weapons. Early in 1954, he called "for the setting up of a Committee of scientists to explain to the world the effect a nuclear war would have on humanity". This idea was taken up by Joseph Rotblat, who along with Pugwash was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995, and Eugene Rabinowitch, resulting in the organisation of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. The name of the organisation comes from the Pugwash Village in Novoscotia, Canada where the first conference was held in 1957. Jawaharlal Nehru was also the first foreign Prime Minister to visit Hiroshima. In 1957, he praised the atom bomb survivors for their determination to spread around the globe information on the enormous harm that radiations can cause to both the present population and to the generations yet to be born. Even now, harmful mutations are being observed in children in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thus, the genetic harm is as serious as the immediate harm. Jawaharlal Nehru played a major part in getting the first UN Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy organized in Geneva in 1955. This conference was chaired by the late Dr Homi Bhabha, the then Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission who outlined in his Presidential Address a strategy for harnessing the multiple contributions that nuclear tools can make to strengthen food, health and energy security in the world. In my Presidential Address delivered at the Pugwash Conference held in Hiroshima on 27 July 2005, I outlined the following six steps to achieve the goal of a nuclear peril free world. 1. All nations with nuclear weapons should adopt during 2005 a legally mandatory policy of "no first use for nuclear weapons", as homage to the survivors of the nuclear tragedy of 1945 2. Respect commitments to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT), ratify Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), conclude a Fissile Material Cut Off Treaty, and ban all research relating to the development of new nuclear weapons 3. Conclude a Nuclear Weapons Convention outlining a road map for getting to Zero by 2020. 4. Avoid prospects for nuclear terrorism and adventurism by eliminating all unsecured nuclear fissile material and by implementing the concrete steps proposed by Pugwash for the elimination of highly enriched uranium; otherwise there is risk of nuclear power groups and individuals emerging, in addition to nuclear power states. 5. Because of the multi-dimensional threats posed to human security by climate change, and the consequent need for reducing green house gas emissions, interest and investment in nuclear power plants are growing. The civilian uses of atomic energy are likely to grow. Hence, the UN may convene an International Conference on the Civilian Uses of Atomic Energy to develop a Code of Conduct to ensure that the non-military use of nuclear fuels does not get abused and to further strengthen safeguards and the inspection role and monitoring capacity of IAEA. 6. Democratic systems of governance are fast spreading in the world, which involve the holding of free and fair elections periodically. It would be useful to develop a Hiroshima - Nagasaki 60th Anniversary Appeal which calls upon all political parties in every country to include in their next election manifesto, a firm commitment to work for speedy nuclear disarmament with a view to rid the world of the nuclear-peril as soon as technically feasible. Without global political commitment, this goal cannot be achieved. At the same time, it would be useful to introduce in all school curricula information relating to the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, so as to bring home the immediate and long term disastrous impact of a nuclear war. Without public and political education, the climate for peace and nuclear disarmament will not exist. Looking at the brighter
side, nuclear weapons have existed for 60 years but have fortunately
not been used. This is a tribute to the work of Pugwash and numerous
civil society organizations. Unfortunately the growing number of suicide
bombing incidents indicate that we are now entering an unchartered territory
in human conflicts and retribution. Atleast to prevent the potential
non-state use of nuclear weapons, Nuclear Weapon States should not lose
even a day in working towards the goal of zero in the existence of such
weapons. [TOP] El pasado mes de julio se
conmemoró el 50 aniversario de uno de los documentos más
importantes sobre el peligro que entrañan las armas nucleares.
Se trata de la declaración conjunta suscrita por Albert Einstein
y Bertrand Russell. Su origen fue una carta que el matemático
y filósofo británico envió en febrero de 1955 al
que sin duda era el científico más famoso del mundo. Russell
invitó a Einstein a alertar a la opinión pública
y gobiernos acerca de la amenza que representaba para la supervivencia
del planeta la existencia y acumulación de las armas nucleares.
La idea era congregar a un grupo de científicos distinguidos
para que firmaran una declaración. El físico estuvo de
acuerdo. Russell redactó el
texto y Einstein, poco antes de su muerte en abril de ese año,
dio su visto bueno. Pero el ambiente de la guerra fría
no era el más propicio para convencer a los científicos
de la importancia del tema. Muchos rehusaron poner los intereses de
la humanidad por encima de sus proyectos nacionales. Los científicos
de la Unión Soviética y China se negaron a suscribir el
documento. Russell logró reunir las firmas de sólo nueve
científicos: Max Born, de Alemania occidental; Percy Bridgman,
Hermann Muller y Linus Pauling, de Estados Unidos; Frédéric
Joliot-Curie de Francia; Hideki Yukawa, de Japón; Leopold Infeld,
de Polonia; y Cecil Powell y Joseph Rotblat, del Reino Unido. El 9 de julio de 1955 se
hizo público el documento, que empezó a conocerse como
el manifiesto Russell-Einstein. En él se instaba a poner fin
a las armas nucleares y se convocaba a una reunión de científicos
con ese fin, la cual se llevó a cabo en 1958 en Pugwash, Canadá,
pueblo natal del empresario Cyrus Eaton, quien sufragó los gastos
para el encuentro de 22 científicos de 10 países (Australia,
Austria, Canadá, China, Estados Unidos, Francia, Japón,
Polonia, Reino Unido y Unión Soviética). Así nació
el movimiento Pugwash, que ha venido celebrando conferencias anuales
desde entonces. En esta ocasión nos hemos reunido en Hiroshima,
en el 60 aniversario del ataque atómico que sufrió esta
ciudad el 6 de agosto de 1945 y Nagasaki tres días después.
Con una sola excepción,
todos los científicos que firmaron el manifiesto Russell-Einstein
o que luego asistieron a la reunión en Pugwash han desaparecido.
El único sobreviviente es Joseph Rotblat, motor e inspiración
del movimiento. Desafortunadamente, por primera vez no asistirá
a una conferencia anual de Pugwash. Su salud no se lo permite. Joseph Rotblat nació
en Varsovia en 1908 y estudió física en la Universidad
Libre de Polonia, doctorándose a los 30 años. En esa misma
universidad hizo investigaciones en el campo de la física atómica
hasta 1939, año en que se fue a la Universidad de Liverpool.
Cuando Alemania invadió su país, pereció su esposa
y nunca se volvió a casar. En 1940 fue reclutado por
el gobierno británico para trabajar en el diseño y construcción
de la bomba atómica. En 1944 llegó a Los Alamos, Nuevo
México, para incorporarse al equipo de J. Robert Oppenheimer,
director del proyecto Manhattan. Se separó del mismo cuando se
supo que Alemania había abandonado su propio proyecto atómico.
No fue el único, pero sí el más activo en su oposición
a las armas nucleares. Y lo sigue siendo. Rotblat se quedó
a vivir en Londres y en 1946 obtuvo la nacionalidad británica.
No es de extrañar que haya influido en la iniciativa de su amigo,
Bertrand Russell. Fue el principal autor del manifiesto y el promotor
enérgico del movimiento Pugwash, del cual es presidente emérito.
Lo conozco desde hace casi 30 años, cuando asistí a mi
primera conferencia Pugwash. Durante las últimas seis décadas
ha mantenido su lucha por un mundo libre de armas nucleares. En 1995
compartió el Nobel de la Paz con el movimiento Pugwash. A sus
casi 97 años, sigue lúcido y activo. Hace poco publicó
un artículo en el New York Times, intitulado "La
sombra de 50 años", que concluyó citando el manifiesto
de 1955: "Debemos aprender a pensar de una manera nueva. Debemos
aprender a preguntarnos, no qué pasos pueden darse para asegurarle
la victoria militar al grupo de nuestra preferencia, porque ya no existen
esos pasos; la pregunta que debemos hacernos es: ¿qué
pasos hay que dar para prevenir una contienda militar que sería
desastrosa para todas las partes? Esa pregunta -escribió Rotblat-
es tan relevante hoy como lo fue hace 50 años". Y también
lo es la admonición del manifiesto: "Acuérdate de
tu humanidad y olvídate de todo lo demás". Los miembros de Pugwash
nos hemos congregado en Hiroshisma para rendir homenaje a las víctimas
de ese ataque atómico y sus sobrevivientes, los hibakusha. Aún
viven más de 360 mil hibakusha, personas que padecen distintas
enfermedades causadas por la radiación, incluyendo cáncer
y deterioro genético, y que exhiben desfiguraciones físicas.
Han sido víctimas también de discriminaciones y rechazo
social. Por otro lado, hay muchos japoneses que temen que, cuando desaparezcan
los hibakusha (cuyo promedio de edad es de 72 años), se perderá
un doloroso recordatorio de los peligros que entrañan los arsenales
nucleares. *
Ex subsecretario de Relaciones Exteriores y presidente de Desarmex,
AC [TOP] El 6 de agosto de este año se cumplen seis décadas del lanzamiento de la primera bomba atómica por Estados Unidos sobre la ciudad japonesa de Hiroshima. Tres días después, lanzó una segunda bomba contra Nagasaki. Como resultado, ambas ciudades fueron destruidas, con un saldo estimado en cerca de 200 000 muertos hasta noviembre de 1945, a los que se sumaron otros 140 000 en los cinco años siguientes. Con tal motivo, "Granma" entrevista a José Altshuler, presidente de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia de la Ciencia y la Tecnología. ¿Cómo surgió la idea de fabricar la bomba atómica? La posibilidad teórica de crear armas nucleares se hizo evidente para los científicos en 1939, cuando se descubrió en Europa la partición o fisión del núcleo del átomo de uranio con liberación de neutrones, capaces de provocar una rápida multiplicación del fenómeno y liberar en el proceso una gigantesca cantidad de energía a tenor de la ecuación de Einstein E= mc2. La idea era fácil de comprender para cualquier especialista; pero lo verdaderamente complicado era su realización práctica. Evidentemente, eso no impidió que continuaran las investigaciones de los científicos en busca de una forma práctica de dominar la energía nuclear. Por supuesto que no. A partir de mayo de 1939 el francés Joliot-Curie y sus colaboradores no solo llegaron a concebir la posibilidad real de fabricar una bomba nuclear, sino que dieron los primeros pasos con vistas a la construcción de un reactor nuclear, proyecto que se interrumpió ante el avance alemán sobre Francia. Poco después, Gran Bretaña dio algunos pasos importantes hacia la creación de la bomba, pero también hubo de interrumpir los trabajos debido a la situación crítica en que se encontraba el país. En Alemania, los físicos se mantuvieron fuertemente involucrados en la creación de una bomba nuclear al menos hasta 1942, cuando se decidió que reorientaran su trabajo hacia la creación de reactores nucleares para la marina de guerra. Pero esta situación era desconocida en el exterior, y por el peligro de que los nazis pudieran disponer del arma nuclear antes que nadie, aquel mismo año se inició en los Estados Unidos el Proyecto Manhattan, bajo la dirección militar del comandante general del ejército norteamericano Groves y la dirección científica del físico Oppenheimer. La creación de las primeras bombas atómicas fue el principal resultado del Proyecto Manhattan, luego de tres años de intenso trabajo, al costo de unos 2 000 millones de dólares, una suma fabulosa para la época, ¿no es así? Efectivamente, ese fue su principal resultado, en cuya consecución colaboraron innumerables ingenieros, técnicos y científicos, entre estos últimos, muchos físicos eminentes de origen europeo. Pero la primera bomba no se logró hasta mediados de julio de 1945, más de dos meses después de la toma de Berlín por las tropas soviéticas y de la rendición incondicional de Alemania a las fuerzas aliadas. Esta diferencia en tiempo es significativa, pues todo indica que si bien a la gran mayoría de los científicos que trabajaban en el Proyecto los motivaba el temor a que la posesión de la bomba pudiera hacer invulnerables a los nazis, los políticos anglonorteamericanos veían la nueva arma principalmente como un instrumento útil para imponer su voluntad al resto del mundo, en particular, a la Unión Soviética. Es cierto que todavía se libraba la guerra contra Japón, pero hoy sabemos que figuras importantes del Gobierno de ese país habían comenzado a buscar un acuerdo de paz ante la imposibilidad de escapar a una derrota fulminante. Sin embargo, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, bajo la presidencia de Harry Truman, no tuvo escrúpulo alguno en lanzar sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki las dos únicas bombas atómicas que existían entonces. Así fue. Pero la inmoralidad implícita en el uso efectivo de la bomba atómica contra un país a punto de rendirse y el peligro que ello podía significar para el futuro de la humanidad, hacía tiempo que se habían convertido en un serio problema de conciencia para un grupo de científicos participantes en el Proyecto Manhattan. Uno de ellos, el físico Joseph Rotblat, tuvo el coraje de retirarse de los trabajos vinculados a la bomba en 1944, cuando, además de hacérsele evidente que los alemanes no tenían la menor posibilidad de fabricarla, le oyó decir al jefe del Proyecto, el general Groves, que el verdadero propósito de fabricar la bomba era dominar a los soviéticos, algo que consideró una inadmisible deslealtad hacia un aliado que en aquellos momentos perdía diariamente millares de hombres en combate contra el enemigo común. Otros científicos, como Niels Bohr, habían tratado infructuosamente de convencer al Presidente norteamericano y al Primer Ministro británico de que el monopolio indefinido del arma atómica era ilusorio y de que ocultarles a los aliados soviéticos lo que se estaba haciendo al respecto, solo podría engendrar desconfianza y conducir finalmente a una acelerada carrera de fabricación y emplazamiento de armas nucleares. Lejos de hacerle caso, se le catalogó de individuo peligroso y poco faltó para que se le encarcelara. Lamentablemente su profecía se cumplió con creces, con el posterior desarrollo y la tremenda proliferación de la bomba de hidrógeno, muchas veces más poderosa que la bomba atómica. Desde entonces se ha acumulado en el mundo un pavoroso arsenal de armas nucleares con capacidad potencial de exterminar sin remedio a la civilización en nuestro planeta. ¡Triste herencia la de las oscuras motivaciones del bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima y Nagasaki! (Es una transcripción de Granma del 5 de agosto de 2005) JoongAng
Daily, August 11, 2005 [TOP] Late last month, the 55th
Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs was held in Hiroshima,
Japan. Hiroshima was chosen as the venue in order to reconfirm the vision
of a nuclear-free world; the participants were standing on humankind's
first "ground zero," 60 years after the nuclear devastation
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I attended the conference
at the invitation of Japan's Pugwash group. More than 170 people from
more than 40 countries around the world participated, and engaged in
five days of heated discussion. Last year's Pugwash Conference was held
in Seoul. During the Cold War, when
the United States and the Soviet Union were in a fierce nuclear arms
race, the Pugwash Conference served as a great force for moving world
opinion, speaking for the conscience of mankind. That was how the conference
came into being. In recognition of its work to reduce nuclear armaments,
the Pugwash organization, jointly with founding member Joseph Rotblat,
was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995. But lately, because of the
world's indifference to the nuclear threat, the Pugwash Conference has
been fading away. As was noted in the conference's
Hiroshima Declaration this year, not only did mankind miss an historic
opportunity to abolish nuclear weapons after the end of the Cold War,
but the nuclear threat has gotten worse, with more parties possessing
nuclear arms, the development of small nuclear weapons and the proliferation
of nuclear material. Nevertheless, people around the world are paying
less attention to the issue, which is a worrisome fact. Regrettably,
there were not many Korean participants at this conference. Even in Japan, the only
country where atomic bombs have been dropped on human beings, it is
evident that people's anti-nuclear awareness, which is symbolized by
Hiroshima, is showing signs of diminishing. Japan's major mass media
showed little interest in the Pugwash Conference this time. Such social indifference
can result in the weakening of what one might call the public's "nuclear
allergy." Since the North Korean nuclear problem arose, as well
as the issue of North Korea's abductions of Japanese citizens, the possibility
of Japan itself developing nuclear weapons has ceased to be a taboo
in Japan. In 2002, influential Japanese
politicians, including Ozawa Ichiro and Abe Shinzo, made a controversial
series of remarks on the possibility of Japan's revising its "three
non-nuclear principles" and becoming a nuclear power. Indeed, as was discussed
at the Pugwash Conference, a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at
Rokkasho-mura in Japan's Aomori prefecture is to begin trial operations
at the end of this year. If the plant starts full-scale
operations in 2007, it will produce eight tons of plutonium annually,
which is enough for 1,000 nuclear weapons. Japan, then, will become
the only non-nuclear power to possess large-scale fuel reprocessing
facilities. Japan is one of a few countries that have a stockpile of
plutonium. As of 2003, it had 40 tons. The possession of plutonium
is strictly overseen by the International Atomic Energy Agency, and
international law allows Japan to have it. But politically, it could
provoke nuclear proliferation and the outflow of nuclear material. From this perspective, in
May the Union of Concerned Scientists in the United States publiished
a letter signed by 27 experts, including former U.S. Secretary of Defense
William Perry, asking Japan to halt operations at the Rokkasho reprocessing
facilities. In the inter-Korean Joint
Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula of 1991,
South Korea abandoned not only the development of nuclear weapons but
also the possession of nuclear reprocessing facilities. As the Pugwash
Conference was going on, the fourth round of the six-party talks were
being held in Beijing. One key to the solution to the North Korean nuclear
problem is reported to be international confirmation of the declaration
on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Given this opportunity,
it is time for South Korea to take the lead in forming a framework for
regional denuclearization, to enhance the transparency of development
of nuclear weapons and production of nuclear material, and to build
mutual trust not just on the Korean Peninsula, but in all of Northeast
Asia. A new nuclear arms race
or proliferation of nuclear weapons among the surrounding countries
would be a threat to us, and there is always a risk that a sense of
relative deprivation or inequality could provoke the "nuclear sovereignty"
argument in South Korea. I expect that South Korea and Japan, the two non-nuclear nations in Northeast Asia, will carry out closely-related "cooperative non-nuclear diplomacy." It is urgent that both nations are able to overcome the mutual distrust that was manifest last year when the suspicions over South Korea's nuclear weapons development were raised. * The writer is a professor of international relations at Rikkyo University in Japan. Translation by the JoongAng Daily staff. [TOP] TOKYO: Scientists and academics from 40 countries Saturday called for the abolition of nuclear weapons to mark the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The appeal was made in Hiroshima at the annual convention of the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, an organisation dedicated to reducing and eliminating the threat posed by nuclear weapons and war. Opportunities for lasting peace after the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the Berlin Wall were frittered away, Pugwash council president MS Swaminathan said as he opened the meeting that lasts until Wednesday. "The prospect for nuclear terrorism and adventurism have become real. The voice of sanity of the survival of the 1945 nuclear annihilations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is yet to be heard," the Indian biologist said. (AFP) Kyodo
News Service (English) July 27 [TOP] The 55th Pugwash Conference
on Science and World Affairs Scientists wraps up a ''We call upon political leaders, scientists, and citizens of the world to overcome the dangerous complacency regarding the ever present threat posed by nuclear weapons to the entire international community,'' according to a statement released at the end of the 55th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. The
Japan Times: July 24, 2005 [TOP] HIROSHIMA (Kyodo) Scientists and academics from around the world gathered Saturday for a five-day conference to discuss ways to eliminate war and nuclear weapons ahead of the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In an opening address to
the 55th Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Hitoshi Ohnishi,
a representative of the Pugwash group of Japan, expressed alarm over
the state of nuclear proliferation. He cited the collapse of the review
conference for the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in May, U.S. plans
to develop "mini-nukes" and stepped-up "Today, we gathered again here in Hiroshima to discuss how we can overcome such a horrible situation and realize a just and peaceful world," said Onishi, also a professor of international politics at Tohoku University. It is the second time the annual conference has been held in Japan, following one in Hiroshima in 1995 when the Pugwash group won the Nobel Peace Prize. About 170 scientists from 40 countries are attending the event to discuss a wide range of issues concerning nuclear abolition, antiterrorism measures and security issues in the Middle East and East Asia. (C) All rights reserved |